À part quelques mentions écrites tirées de sources du XVIIIe siècle, cette utilisation demeure pratiquement non documentée. The peasantry in the southern Sweden used four, tree-axles for transport (Berg 1935). The study theorized these high assimilation rates might result from abundant enzymes in slug digestive systems: amylase, invertase, cellulase, xylanase, and chitinase. Without such shells, slugs produce unappetizing mucus, that may also contain toxins—to deter predators. purposes. [8], Like other members of the family Arionidae, the black slug has a pneumostome (breathing hole) on the right side of its mantle through which it breathes. L.) is a common gastropod in forested areas, mbito nacional, se han obtenido testimonios orales que indican la vigenci, cadas. In the past two decades, its mating with the non-native (at northern latitudes) pest species Arion vulgaris (or Spanish slug) has resulted in a more resilient hybrid exhibiting increased tolerance to cold. Skånska allmogevagnar. Additionally, this study could not determine whether high fungi-consumption resulted from dietary preference or from higher concentrations of alien slugs amidst Douglas fir forests, which promote fungal growth. Several letters mentioned that it was the duty of children to gather the slugs. [10], Alaska conservations (as previously mentioned) believe widespread watch programs to be crucial. The author later returned to ethnobiology during subsequent fieldwork on the Faroes. His official Swedish journeys of 1741–1749 were primarily economic surveys, giving much attention to locally used dye-plants. All the latest news about Slugs from the BBC. Fences can be used to protect small areas and can be commercial (often electrical) or easily homemade with sawdust, crushed eggshells, ground oyster shells, soap, cinders, or diatomaceous earth. The epiphallus then opens to the genital atrium. [16] Microbiota within black slug digestive systems produce these enzymes—such as the bacteria that produce cellulose—enabling the slugs to break down lignocellulose. This study demonstrates the two slugs to be functionally different; however, this study proposed further research on the following to determine if black slugs are displacing banana slugs: interactions between Arion ater and fungal communities and comparative studies looking at seed dispersal rates to determine their effect on native, fruit-bearing plant communities. La grande limace (Arion ater L.) est un gastropode commun des forêts de Suède. Again, the black slug is a prolific, omnivorous consumer, capable of inhabiting a wide range of conditions with high fecundity. frameworks, and methods. [16] The study determined the black slug feeds at similar rates to other European slugs (in terms of biomass), suggesting the black slug is an equally important decomposer/consumer in forest systems. groundwork for modern cultural ecology as practiced by Julian Steward and others. This is often done by the peasants in Ska, The quote is from Lorens Wolter Rothof, who in the 18, a small handbook on the economic use of natural resources. A, radiophonique populaire couvrant l’ensemble du pays, plusieurs mentions orales, animaux forment une ressource gratuite et disponible a, longtemps que les charrettes et les chariots en bois e, The traditional way to lubricate wooden axle-trees on the old wooden, carriers in pre-industrial Sweden was with tar, sometimes mixed with lard from, swine or cattle, or with fat produced by boiling cloven foot, animals. Some letters also mentioned other field of applicatio, correspondents mentioned that the slugs were used to lubricate the cog wheels in, millwheels and, in one case, linkages in mines. The black slug (also known as black arion, European black slug, or large black slug) Arion ater L. is a large terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Arionidae, the round back slugs. Was it possible to turn to the public and ask about knowledg, this practice that was still present? Another informant from eastern Sma, 1930s, ‘‘I grew up with my maternal grandparents in Ukna in Norra Tjust in, on the axle-trees, which were made of wood and with a sprint outside the wheel, Another correspondent, from Piggeboda parish, remembered that in Sma, land it was still common in the 1940s for the local peasants to use black slugs for, this purpose. These slug species range from 75-180 mm in length at maturity. History of Anatolia is full of different ethnobiological data. Cette étude montre qu'il est toujours possible, au sein des sociétés modernes, de récolter de l'information quant aux anciennes pratiques en recourant aux médias de masse pour accéder aux informateurs. Black Stone Dream Explanation — If he sees the pilgrims searching for the Black Stone but cannot find it in a dream, it means that he thinks of himself to be right and the rest of the people to be wrong. I thank Dr. Birgitta M. Johansson, Osva Olsen and Dr. Greg Simons for comments, on earlier drafts of this paper. Consequently, the black slug becomes most active after rainfall. 93 % of folk taxa had their own individual names, and 90 % of the taxa were embedded in the folk taxonomy.Twenty four species were of direct use to humans (4 medicinal, 5 consumed, 11 as bait, 2 as playthings). In pre-industrial Swedish society and up to the beginning of the 20, century, slugs were used as a regular or temporary source for grease to lubricate, wooden axle-trees. Large carabid beetles, such as Abax parallelepipedus predate slugs. groups and related cultures by osteological indicators, ard [22] Slugs facilitate seed and spore dispersal through fecal matter. Fra Hedeboegnen. He exhibits no discernible cultural ecological goals in this earliest ethnobotony, though bioecological aims are apparent. This mantle is the part in snails that secretes a shell, but in the black slug, the mantle contains a resilient protective structure of calcareous granules.[4]. The black slug is a voracious seedling predator. "Comparing Functional Similarity between a Native and an Alien Slug in Temperate Rain Forests of British Columbia. According to the responses, the practice was known especially from, southernmost Sweden (Figure 1). However, there are not many studies about the interactions of people and environment in Anatolia. The spermathecal duct (bursa copulatrix duct) is a sac for storing spermatozoa and also enters the atrium. This report includes a scope on the sources of the petroleum pollution and the level of responses, also a documentation of an accident happened in 2008. Several, still kept in local collections. The study analyzes his ethnobiological field work and writings in terms of biographic factors.Gilmore’s ethnobiological research manifests both bioecological and cultural ecological rationales. Sometimes other substances were used, such as frogs, s, an important Swedish proto-industrial centre in mi, m 1966; Svanberg 2003). [5] Arion ater has spread in Alaska in the following places: Anchorage, Cordova, Yakutat, Gustavus, Juneau, Sitka, Tenakee Springs, Ketchikan, and Kodiak Island, and in some of these areas, the black slug threatens lilies and orchids. After mating, the black slug seeks a dark, moist environment such as beneath mosses—occasionally within topsoil—to lay its eggs about 5mm (0.2 in) in diameter. For a long time nw ive had these little black slugs coming in my house and when i come down in the morning theres all these slug marks its horrible! There is scarce information about European folk knowledge of wild invertebrate fauna. Contrary to our expectations, we did not document any current uses for blister beetles or slugs. Limax ater Linnaeus, 1758 Juveniles hatch after at least twenty-seven days, hatching later under cold temperatures. The vas deferens connects the spermoviduct to the epiphallus. Traps are also effective. I am, also grateful to all the informants that provided me with the material. documented not only from Sweden but also other Nordic countries. European nematodes (Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita) parasitize slugs, and in European agriculture, these nematodes have been mass-produced as a biological control; however, European nematodes are neither native to North America nor commercially available. It. Because of the material published by Linnaeus and his disciples, we, have a large and extremely valuable body of source material at our disposal for. One correspondent relayed that, there existed a certain verb, in her local dialect to describe ‘to lubricate’ with the, One reason why some of the informants knew about the practice is the, special tub that was hung behind the wagon (Figure 2). They determined the two slugs to be functionally different but proposed further studies to determine whether black slugs are displacing native slugs. From around Bergen, Hordaland to the Swedish border, as this particular area of Norway has a huge gap of about 80 years without any dedicated work on sea slugs diversity being carried out. Institutional change in the transport system or the lack thereof has been used to explain if, and when, a transport revolution occurred. Arion empiricorum Férussac, 1819. [21] The black slug often feeds upon seedlings, diminishing plants’ reproductive success, but the black slug does not appear to be feeding selectively, endangering one plant species over another. Iron phosphate baits are less toxic than metaldehyde and carbonyl baits. The food is shredded into tiny pieces by the radula and is then digested by enzymes. from the The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation (Dnr J2004-0548). The thesis shows that Gilmore’s pioneering work in ethnobiology, together with studies by Harrington and others, laid the. They are also put in the tar vessel to increase, the wheel grease. Esbjörnsson, E. 1967. They were put in a certain box under the driver’s. When the, wheels became dried, they began to creak, which was cured, two on the nave. Kulturhistoriskt lexikon för nordisk medeltid 11. The solid constituents of the mucus were confirmed by means of nuclear magnetic resonance. This essay, which is the fifth in the series “Recollections, Reflections, and Revelations: Personal Experiences in Ethnobiology”, is a personal reminiscence by the researcher on his first field experience in Turkey in the late 1970s, which was a failure from an ethnobiological point of view but a success for a social scientist pursuing Turkic studies. One of the ways to make this aim on the land is taking an action to prevent the water pollution by spilled oil. They ranked the species based upon distribution, biological characteristics, ecological impacts, and feasibility of control. [22] Their study found black slugs were more abundant and consumed a greater quantity of mushrooms than native banana slugs but could not determine reasons for differences in population sizes. Particularly in the middle of the last century, it was rather common among, ethnologists and folklorists to successfully ask for, Stockholm) and Dr. Bengt af Klintberg (Swedish Radio, Stockholm) who gave me the, opportunity to advertise for new information about the use of slugs on their program. This essay presents how. friction, as well as the reconstructed size and frequency of erratic Slugs most often function as decomposers but are also often omnivores. have experienced the practice in their childhood. This, sample, which the informant remembered from his childhood in the 1930s, was, snail, string [here rather ‘snot’], reach out your long horns, and you will receive, a bushel of barley, to take home to your kids, kids in the nest’). ... From 2008 Lionel Kelleway is in Dartmoor looking for the ash-black slug with John Walters. [18] Additionally, slugs help disperse seeds and spores through their waste, and slugs facilitate nutrient cycling by being an omnivorous consumer (especially a decomposer) and by leaving behind their mucus, which also facilitates decomposition. It is a dish with character, since smelt has a very particular scent and it is therefore esteemed by some and rejected by others. Ethnological studies from the viewpoint of, Cox, P.A. of boulders, taking into account the size of the animals and Mollusker Kulturhistoriskt lexikon för nordisk medeltid 11. Klintberg 1991). According to the data recorded both in this village and from the literature, it could be hypothesized that the dominion “insect” occurs as a pattern in the ethnobiological classification systems. [10], The slug mite, Riccardoella limacum, is known to parasitize several dozen species of mollusks, including many slugs, such as Agriolimax agrestis, Arianta arbustrum, Arion ater, Arion hortensis, Limax maximus, Milax budapestensis, Milax gagates, and Milax sowerbyi. D&D Beyond of specialisation of cattle traction in the Funnel Beaker [5], The foot-fringe is black, the tubercles are large and elongate, and the sole is blackish grey. 36 % of the species were known to at least half of the informants. suitable draught animals are not available, as well as by a During the war in 1807–1814, there was a shortage of tar in the country, and the drivers gathered slugs to use as, indicating that it was a wide-spread knowledge to use slugs to lubricate the, axle-trees during tours (Brøndegaard 1985:161; Christophersen. Some slugs vary in colour; Arion ater can be black, orange-brown or buff coloured. what are they are they baby slugs or something? thanks Utilization of molluscs is. Additionally, carabid beetles consume slug eggs. Advisor: Preston Holder, Registrou-se que o termo “inseto” é utilizado como uma categoria etnotaxonômica ampla que reúne diferentes organismos não sistematicamente relacionados (rato, cobra, lagartixa, etc. To delve more deeply into the problem and obtain an overview of, slugs were actually gathered and used, I went to the folklore archives, which, usually have an abundance of recorded testimonies of folk use of various animals, and plants. The atrium and vagina (genitalia) are considerably narrower than is the spermatheca (organ for storing sperm). Transport In Arbete och redskap: Materiell folkkultur på svensk landsbygd före industrialismen. Frykman, J. and N. Nilsson. In summary, Arion ater can digest diverse food material such as cellulose because gut bacteria produce digestive enzymes.[17]. Com base nas informações registradas no povoado e em dados da literatura, pode-se levantar a suposição de que o domínio “inseto” ocorre como um padrão nos sistemas de classificação etnobiológicos. Copies of the letters. And human-fauna relationship is also a promising area for the researches. In. Although some material was found, the records were few and the, However, although Sweden is a highly industrialized, the country were still underdeveloped into the 1930s, and people lived by rather, poor and, to some extent, traditional means in the countryside. [6], The black slug is omnivorous, and its diet includes fungi, carrion, earthworms, leaves, stems, dead plant material and dung. Completely new was the discovery that the honey stomachs of black-coloured carpenter bees (Xylocopa violacea, X. valga) were consumed. It was found that the macro-scale shear thinning behavior works in conjunction with the slug's method of locomotion to provide lubrication for sliding and gel-like adhesion. Another correspondent mentioned that she live. They can lay up to 400 eggs in a single summer. Norway's Socialist Left Party wants people to devote an hour to killing invasive slugs. However, through, an advertisement in a popular nationwide radio program, it was possible to. The study demonstrated both slugs benefit ecosystems by dispersing seeds and spores. Although Linnaeus’ main interest was to find, plants that could improve national economy, his, the seeds of modern ethnobiology (Stearn 1994). Obviously, the use was particular, so it was, something to tell your children about when you grew up. Christophersen, M. and H. Ussing. 1966. Great body and legs. stiletto boots and short dress by lillianclassy 39 7 beautiful ebony woman in a short dress, tan pantyhose, and sexy boots. forthcoming weeks letters were sent to the program. Data were obtained from February to May 2001 through open and semi-structured interviews, and also by observations of behaviors of 74 males and 79 females, from 4 to 108 years old. Fritzes. Arion ater is one such slug, decomposing organic matter, preying on other organisms, and consuming vegetative matter including agricultural crops. AnimalBase :: Arion lusitanicus Species Homepage. drawn from the behavior of the slug (Brøndegaard 1985:159–162; Jespersen 1938; Nordlander 1886:203–204; Olafsen and Povelsen 1772:715; Seier 1934:24; Stora, Slugs also have a long tradition in folk therapy and have been used as, remedies for various kinds of illness, not only for humans but also, veterinary medicine. Arion slugs lack a penis. The nano-scale physical structure of the solid constituents of the slug mucus was determined by means of atomic force microscopy. Black slug (Arion ater L.), usually about 10 to 15 cm long, is a common species in moist places in forest areas, and is also found in enclosed pasture grounds and in thickly foliaged gardens in Sweden. [19] When picked up or touched, the black slug will contract to a hemispherical shape and begin to rock from side to side. Terrestrial slugs are considered to be especially dangerous because they alter plant species abundance, adult plant fecundity, and the production of plant defensive compounds. Conclusions Jennings, T. J., and J. P. Barkham. Recent research has also shown that it eats seedlings of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ). You took one or two and, placed them around the nave, where they were crushed while traveling, of course cruel and probably painful for the ani, provide. They may be various colours, including brown, black, grey, green, orange or reddish in colour. The male portion of the reproductive tract contains the vas deferens and the epiphallus. Sexy black girl half dressed wearing a red blouse and tan pantyhose. Plural form of black slug. plots suitable for cultivation with the cattle-driven ard went Black Slugs usually hide under soil or debris in the day, but they may come out on wet days. All the latest news about Slugs from the BBC. © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. The food is shredded into tiny pieces by the radula and is then digested by enzymes. The high number of known invertebrate folk taxa suggests that it would be worth conducting further investigations in other areas of Europe. (Manuscript in Swedish Institute of Dialect and Folklore Research. Renewable resource-based materials are a safe and environmentally friendly solution. Interesting enough, there are new categories of smelt enthusiasts that have discovered the possibility of fishing in large numbers in spring, especially Thai and other immigrants. I was now firmly back on the ethnobiological track again, trying to convince foundations and grant agencies to provide me research money-sometimes with success, sometimes not. Most animals prefer not to prey upon the black slugs because of the taste of its mucus and because this mucus can make them slippery and consequently difficult to capture; however, this slug does have some natural predators, including the hedgehog, badger, shrew, mole, mouse, frog, toad, snake, carnivorous beetle, and some birds. Slugs are common agricultural and horticultural pests. ), the importance of the “long view” on human-environmental interactions (Johnson and Kingsley, Hodgson, Brown et al., Fowler, Timbrook and Johnson, McKusik, Steadman, Carrothers et al. "The Effect of Slug Grazing on Vegetation Development and Plant Species Diversity in an Experimental Grassland.". tland, thus confirming Rothof’s observations. Methods However, fishing for European smelt, Osmerus eperlanus (L.), once popular in many areas of central Sweden, has survived into the twenty-first century, particularly in the province of Värmland, as a minor, but interesting regional food speciality. For instance, slugs crunched in salt gives an ointment. A 2005 study looked at another Arion slug species and concluded slugs may promote plant biodiversity. [6], The ovotestis (gonad or hermaphrodite gland) produces gametes at the proximal end of the reproductive system. They can normally be seen at night when they go looking for food such as plants, vegetables, dead animals and even dog poo! Black slugs are edible but rarely consumed by humans; they taste horrible, may bioaccumulate pesticides, and potentially carry French heartworm (Angiostrongylus vasorum). Contributing to NLNature is easy, fun and valuable for science! "Characterization of Cellulolytic Activity in the Gut of the Terrestrial Land Slug Arion Ater: Biochemical Identification of Targets for Intensive Study. Methodological aspects especially interested me, Anteckningar om slåttern i Alseda socken, Småland. These animals, a freely available resource, for everyone, were often gathered by children. 1923:98; Ingvorsen 1918:18; Schmidt 1964:254). Ces, tude montre qu’il est toujours possible, au sein, land. Young specimens tend to be brown or ivory whitish, turning to grey before becoming characteristically black at maturity. Terrestrial slugs produce two other forms of mucus that facilitate locomotion and prevent death from drying. [10] Hand collecting is most effective at dusk or dawn when slugs feed most actively. and glacial blocks from the fields to create and maintain [21] Its effect upon local ecology received a moderate score; while the black slug puts pressure on native systems, it does not appear to catalyze entire regime shifts within the habitats where it has invaded. grandfather and his father had a canister for the slugs. Although the custom is mentioned in written records from the 18 th century, it is an otherwise almost undocumented practice. This way of recording information was followed by Linnaeus’ contempor-, aries. "Tissue-level Biomarkers and Biological Effect of Mercury on Sentinel Slugs, Arion Ater. They have a rounded foot on their backsides and the backs of their bodies do not contain any keels. A couple of letters mentioned other kinds of grease used for the. Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). slugs were obviously used for this purpose. The use of RTIL as additives in natural oil revealed that a higher percentage mix of RTILs can linearly improve the tribological performance. boulders in the moraines of the postglacial landscape. It was found that, depending on the type and percentage mix of RTIL with avocado oil, the coefficient of friction (COF) could be reduced by as much as 68.88% and the wear volume could be reduced by 73.37%. [21], Conservationists within the Pacific Northwest and BC Canada are concerned about competition between Arion ater and native slugs such as the banana slug (Ariolimax californicus, A. columbianus, and A. dolichophallus). (cf. [4] Rust-brown individuals are arguably classified as a separate species Arion rufus (Red Slug). Round Back Slugs (Arionidae) Part 1Of all known gastropod groups, and the slugs in particular, the round back slugs (Arionidae) probably suffer from the worst reputation.That is of course caused by the apparently large number of species among them, regarded as a threat or at least harmful to human agriculture and gardens. Again, conservation groups like the GOERT view chemical treatments as an effective last resort. Nothing was to be wasted. Estos animales eran un recurso gratuito al alcance de cualquiera y los, y carromatos de madera, entre otros, para transportar hierba. We provide a list of folk taxa, and discuss folk biological classification and nomenclature, salient features, uses, related proverbs and sayings, and conservation. FIGURE 1.—The provinces of southern Sweden. It has therefore been possible to gather qualitat, traditional practices today. The hermaphrodite duct runs forward, connecting to the albumen gland and the common duct (spermoviduct). The Slimy, Yet Special Slug. In addition to nematodes, there may be other biological control methods. Commercial traps can be used, or homemade traps can be made using beer. Appearance. We use Scania, a province located in southernmost Sweden, during the period 1750–1850 as a case study of the development of transport means during the transformation from a rural economy to an emerging industrial one. All this mucus prevents the slug from dying from dehydration, and the slugs follow others’ mucus trails in order to mate (or predate). Fandom Apps Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. All rights reserved. The dumping of radioactive waste caused these gastropods to mutate into ravenous, human flesh-eating monsters. Linnaeus himself never, hesitated to approach farmers to learn from their wisdom of how nature coul, used. Brøndegaard, V. J. Arion ater has been introduced to southeastern Australia and to North America, where it occurs in Newfoundland, southern British Columbia, the Pacific Northwest of the United States and some parts of Alaska. "Quantitative Study of Feeding in Woodland by the Slug Arion Ater. Transport. The slugs have slipped into the UK on salads from Europe - causing havoc in British gardens. my house is clean its not dirty! The study investigated the tribological functionality of RTIL's as additives in plant-based avocado oil and as green sustainable fluids. faunal and floral derived medicines; but there were other kinds of use too, such as spiritual and magical handling. There is a rich amount of information available, from archaeological sources that also document the traditiona, Slugs are well-represented in Nordic folk traditions. Assuming cattle traction, the human work force necessary to "The Story of Crucian Carp in the Baltic Sea region: History and a Possible Future” 2010–2016. Furthermore, biodegradable and water-compatible features of slug mucus shed light on the formulation of a new generation of lubricants. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Mollusker. Although not a pupil of Linnaeus in the str, Linnaean tradition. For example, a 1996 study investigated the bioaccumulation of mercury in black slugs and determined these slugs could be used to monitor levels of heavy metals in terrestrial systems—similar to how ecologists use aquatic mollusks. Models estimating the effort necessary to construct the Toutefois, par le biais d'une notice placée lors d'une émission radiophonique populaire couvrant l'ensemble du pays, plusieurs mentions orales ont pu être enregistrées voilà quelques décennies. [21] It is unlikely complete removal can be achieved given high fecundity, but fencing and educating the public to hand pick black slugs might mitigate associated invasion risks. Frequent sightings along roads suggest the black slug might move more easily along human traffic corridors; however, the black slug is believed to migrate little during its one-year life span. Folk og fauna 1. The Black Slugs are the main antagonists of the 1988 American/Spanish horror film Slugs.. The University of British Columbia’s zoology department published a study on this interaction in 2015. [17], Stroud, Angela. hand in hand with the use of the retrieved material for construction worms on each wheel, the wagon will be better lubricated than with tar, because they are rather fat. Sciomyzids (marsh flies) larvae kill slugs and live in environments similar to slugs. Bernström, J. Homepage. Black slugs are of special concern in fragmented ecosystems and areas with high shrub and tree cover. The practice survived as long as, the wooden carts and wagons were used, for example, in transporting hay. These figures might provide us with the possibility to infer One example are the works of Mr. Yngve Ryd, who, has been able to gather an extremely rich amount of traditional knowle, snow taxonomy and about ways of fire-making from contemporary Sami, informants in the Jokkmokk area in Lapland. Like other terrestrial slugs, the black slug (Arion ater), also known as the black arion, European black slug, or large black slug, is a hermaphrodite, preferring to find a mate—often several—but can self-fertilize.After mating, the black slug seeks a dark, moist environment such as beneath mosses—occasionally within topsoil—to lay its eggs about 5mm (0.2 in) in diameter. reduced. Odyssey 10:2 6-8. U.S. Habitat: These slugs are constricted to living in places where they can have easy access to water since they have poor ability to retain water and easily dry out during the day. 1998. Here we summarized the historical improvement of the terms ethnobiology and ethnozoology in general. The trade continued for generations, but eventually excessive demand and the growing scarcity of the plant in Norway brought it to an end. provinces of Va¨rmland and Lappland and adjacent areas of Norway, slimy slugs were used to develop a certain kind of thick milk (Larsson 1988:199–204). megalithic monuments of Northern and Western Europe are Købehavn. [14] The Alaska National Heritage Project published an invasive ranking for the black slug, providing a recent case study of the species as an invasive. same purpose: badger lard and bacon rind. ppa korn hem till dina ungar, ungar i boet’’ (’Snail, rmland and Lappland and adjacent areas of Norway, slimy slugs, tland, the peasants lubricated the axle-trees with earth-. Finally, vile-tasting mucus deters predation. Rosenkilde and Bagger. but what they like the most are dog bowls i come down in the morning theres all these marks around them! Many of the informants, mentioned that they remembered very well how older rela, about the practice. Background ed Bringéus, N-A., editor. However, the species was not available in the wild in Sweden, but was imported as a medicinal plant from Norway. [23] This use is documented since at least the 18th century. [16] If a system is composed of sensitive species, the black slug will likely have a negative impact by pressuring said species. 253-288. n-Cavallius’ comprehensive ethnographic description of the old, n-Cavallius 1868:96). ", "European Black Slug Risk Assessment for the Copper River Delta Area, Alaska", "Terrestrial Gastropods of the Columbia Basin, British Columbia", Deutsche Namen für einheimische Schnecken und Muscheln, Chance Cove Provincial Park, Newfoundland, 10.2993/0278-0771(2006)26[299:BSAAAG]2.0.CO;2, "Trees for Life – Species Profile: European black slug", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_slug&oldid=1001777058, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with dead external links from December 2016, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 January 2021, at 08:04.

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