(Grades 6-8), CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.9-10.9 Compare and contrast findings presented in a text to those from other sources (including their own experiments), noting when the findings support or contradict previous explanations or accounts. Cell Cycle Label – label a picture of the stages of mitosis, identify parts of the cell such as the centriole and spindle At 400x, chloroplasts should be clearly visible in Elodea cells. Acids and Bases – basic coloring showing how water dissociates into ions, pH scale. Virtual Enzyme Lab – this simulator allows the user to change substrate concentrations and pH levels and then observe reaction rates. You may also choose to show the class some of the sample images so they know what to expect. To save time, it is recommended that each member of a student team prepare one of the two slides. This will also be a problem with Elodea specimens, since their leaves are two cell-layers thick. 5. Connect Virtual Labs is a fully online lab solution that can be used as an online lab replacement, preparation, supplement or make-up lab to bridge the gap between lab and lecture. At the magnifications that are generally attainable in the K-12 classroom, many organelles are not visible. Which organelles were visible in your specimens? However, some alternative options are to assign the prelab questions the day before as homework or to have students write a prelab report in advance (e.g., Title, purpose, materials, procedure). At lower magnification, it is usually possible to get both hairs in focus at the same time, but at higher magnifications, when one hair is in focus, the other will be blurry. At 400x magnification, the plasma membrane and cell wall will look like a single dark boundary around the cell. Plant Pigments – AP Lab 4, modified still and moving images of Elodea from the Exploratorium, https://microscopy4kids.org/m4k2/index.php?title=Comparing_Plant_and_Animal_Cells&oldid=550, © Microscopy For Kids, 2013, 2014 | All Rights Reserved |, Distinguish between plant and animal cells, Identify nuclei, chloroplasts, plasma membranes and cell walls under the microscope, Use a biological stain to visualize nuclei in human cheek cells, Microscope Basics: The Compound Light Microscope or The Scientific Process: Variables (both of these teach students basic microscopy), Microscope Basics: Field of View and Depth of Field, Purchase Elodea (can be stored in an aquarium or beaker of water in the sunlight for several weeks; however, goldfish will sometimes eat it), Fill dropper bottles with methylene blue and optionally with 10% NaCl, Make copies of the lab handout (1 per student), Set up lab stations (with microscopes, toothpicks, coverslips and slides, stain, optional NaCl solution, etc). Ideally, this should be done in student teams of no more than 2 students. Depth of field refers to resolution in the longitudinal plane (i.e., parallel to the optical axis). However, as a burn wound dressing, native gellan gum hydrogels do not drive host’s biology toward regeneration and are mechanically inadequate wound barriers. Cheek cells, like other squamous cells in animals, appear scale-like under the microscope. At 400x magnification, the plasma membrane and cell wall will look like a single dark boundary around the cell. 9. For bacteria outside of the cells, the vacuole membrane fuses with the cell membrane; the vacuole enzymes then release to the extracellular space where they can kill pathogens like bacteria. Some students may need help focusing and centering their specimens. Cell Labeling – simple cell drawing and complex cells diagrams are compared, Why Are Cells So Small? Meiosis Internet Lesson –  view animations of meiosis, compare to mitosis Plant Cell Lab Makeup –  can be done at home or at the library Elodea leaves are composed of two layers of cells. If you have an LCD projector, you can project the images onto a screen for the whole class to see and discuss which structures are visible and which are not. In this way, it saves the plant from excess water while also not allowing much water to enter the roots. Ask them to identify differences between plant and animal cells. Eukaryotic cells, like plants and animals, also have membrane-bound nuclei and organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes). 1. This will also be a problem with Elodea specimens, since their leaves are two cell-layers thick. This can be minimized by showing them examples of Elodea and cheek cells in advance (samples are provided on this website). Cell Research & Design – research cells on the web, use computer to create your own cell Observing Osmosis – use an egg, vinegar, corn syrup, will take a few days Knowledge of osmosis and hypertonic solutions is helpful, but not required. Animal Cell Coloring – color a typical animal cell Case Study: Cystic Fibrosis – for AP Biology, examines the role of cell membrane proteins in clearing mucus from the lungs. Optional: show the still and moving images of Elodea from the Exploratorium. HS-LS4-1: Communicate scientific information that common ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence. Students sometimes have trouble finding the cells under the microscope and getting them into focus. (Grades 11-12), CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.6-8.9 Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. 4. The individual chambers you see are cells, the smallest functional unit of an organism. Without adding 10% NaCl, the chloroplasts will be located near the plasma membrane, which will be indistinguishable from the cell wall, as a dark border around the cytoplasm. Comparing Plant and Animal Cells – looks at cheek and onion cells, Investigation: What are the Different Types of Cells – survey of different kinds of cells, cheek, blood, onion root, leaf. This will keep both students busy, maximize efficiency, and facilitate more accurate biological drawing. Cheek Cell Virtual Lab – virtual microscope view of cells. They will appear more rectangular in shape. This will keep everyone busy and give each student an opportunity to contribute. This will make the plasma membrane distinct from the cell wall at 400x magnification. Cell Cycle Cut and Paste – students arrange words and draw arrows to illustrate mitosis, Cancer: Out of Control Cells – article describing how the cell cycle relates to cancer, includes questions. Salt and Elodea – quick lab to observe the effects of salt water on elodea cells, Diffusion and Osmosis Crossword Puzzle – vocabulary review Remind students to always start on low power to focus and center their specimens and then go to higher power and use only the fine adjust to bring them into focus. Because of all the salt ions (Na+ and Cl- ions) outside the cell membrane of each Elodea cell, water molecules move out of the cell membrane causing the cell membrane and it contents to shrink into a blob in the center of the cell wall. Chloroplasts are also visible and will appear as green ovals, even without stain, due to the presence of the green pigment chlorophyll used in photosynthesis. Enzyme Lab – use liver to show how catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water, bubbling is used to measure the reaction at different temperatures. In floods, the root hair cell vacuole becomes turgid and does not allow much water to enter or leave the cell. Case Study: Cystic Fibrosis – for AP Biology, examines the role of cell membrane proteins in clearing mucus from the lungs. The lining of the cheek is composed of squamous epithelial cells. Photosynthesis Lab – AP Lab, uses spinach leafs and light to measure the rate of photosynthesis. 1. The chloroplasts will still be visible, but will be located bunched together near the center of the cell. (Ans: mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticula, lysosomes), 3. Plant Cell Coloring – color a typical plant cell However, nuclei can be seen at 200-400x if a biological stain is used such as methylene blue. Several sprigs can be kept in a centralized aquarium or beaker and students can break off a leaf as needed), optional forceps (for obtaining single Elodea leaves), optional 10% NaCl solution (can be in dropper bottles or in a small beaker with a transfer pipette). HS-LS1.A Structure and Function: All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules. They will be located near the plasma membrane/cell wall because the large central vacuole is full of water and occupying most of the center of the cell, thus pushing them toward the cell wall. 10. 1. Review microscope basics and the rules for making biological drawings, 2. Converting Light Energy into Chemical Energy – label of graphic of photosystems I and II, Cellular Respiration Concept Map – map of the steps involved in cellular respiration They will be green and oval shaped, located between the central vacuole and the plasma membrane. Photosynthesis Simulation – this simulator uses light and varying levels of carbon dioxide to explore rates of photosynthesis, replaces the waterweed simulator During cell division, a plant cell divides its cytoplasm by depositing Golgi vesicles containing cell wall precursors at the former site of the metaphase plate, building a larger and larger disk-like structure that grows toward and fuses with the plasma membrane. Cell Membrane Transport – simple diagram shows how molecules enter the cell through diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Cell Membrane: (i) The cytoplasm and nucleus are enclosed within the cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane. At 400x, nuclei should be visible in human cheek cells, but no other organelles. Cheap paper writing service provides high-quality essays for affordable prices. Cell Rap – song or poem to describe the parts of the cell, Label the parts of the cell – complex drawing showing plant and animal cells, and protein synthesis Cell Membrane Images – work in groups to create captions and titles for images depicting the cell membrane and transport across it. Investigation: Exploring Cells – follow in the footsteps of famous scientists like Hooke and Van Leeuwenhoek by looking at slides of cork, paramecium (animalcules) and typical plant and animal specimens. Cellular Respiration Virtual Lab –  AP Lab that can be performed online, Case Study:  The Cyanide Murders –  explores cellular respiration and why we need oxygen. However, this increases the chances that some students will be standing around doing nothing and it will increase the time necessary for everyone to observe and draw their specimens. Some students may mistakenly focus on air bubbles or hairs. (Ans: nuclei), 2. Cellular Respiration – AP Biology Lab using peas and respirometers In the first Elodea slide, why were the chloroplasts located near the cell wall and not distributed more evenly throughout the cell? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.9-10.3 Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text. (iv) It is selectively permeable. Plant Cell Lab  –  microscope observation of onion and elodea Diffusion and Osmosis Review Guide – with questions, definitions and images, Osmosis in Cells – AP Lab 1, modified, using dialysis tubes and sugar solutions to observe water movement, Photosynthesis and Respiration Model – image shows the two processes are connected; students answer questions related to a graphi, Chemiosmosis Coloring – color the membrane and the steps involved in the production of ATP The cell’s internal environment changes in response to the conditions of the soil. It is also called hydrostatic pressure, and defined as the pressure measured by a fluid, measured at a certain point within itself when at equilibrium. HS-LS1-2: Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. Generally, turgor pressure is caused by the osmotic flow of water and occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Ask students to list the common structures found in eukaryotic cells. (iii) This membrane separates cells from one another and also the cell from the surrounding medium. One student can prepare the cheek cell slide while the other is preparing the Elodea slide. (Grades 9-10). “Squamous” comes from the Latin word for scales. Cells Alive (internet) – view cells on the web Onion Root Tip Lab – view real cells with a microscope, requires lab equipment and prepared slides – measure the surface area and volume of boxes as a cell model, Cell Size Experiment – use agar and a basic solution to illustrate how fast fluids can diffuse into a cell, dependent on cell size, Mitosis in an Onion – view picture, identify the stages of mitosis in each of the cells Simple squamous epithelial cells are found in the walls of the capillaries, in the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs, and in the kidneys. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. 11. The cells themselves should appear scale-like and irregular in shape. Cheek Cell Lab –   observe cheek cells under the microscope Photosynthesis Simulation – use simulator online to adjust light settings and gather data on ATP production This article explains what happens. Plant Cell Virtual Lab – use a virtual microscope to view plant cells. An optional activity in this lab is to plasmolyze the Elodea cells by adding 10% NaCl. If 10% NaCl is used, the plasma membrane will pull away from the cell wall and both will be visible as distinct darker borders, with the plasma membrane inside and the cell wall outside. Which organelles were not visible in either specimen? Elodea is a genus of fresh water plants native to North America. Organic Compounds – concept map, students fill in terms related to organic chemistry (carbohydrates, nucleotides..etc, Investigation: What are the Different Types of Cells, Converting Light Energy into Chemical Energy, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The large size of the vacuole pushes all contents of the cell’s cytoplasm against the cell wall, thus keeping the chloroplasts closer to light. (Ans: the vacuole was full of water and pressed all the organelles, including the chloroplasts, outward toward the cell wall), 4. Cell Model – create a cell from household and kitchen items, rubric included Instruct students to focus on one cell layer until it is completely in focus and make their biological drawings of this cell layer. In the second Elodea slide, why did the chloroplast move to the center of the cell? Instruct students to focus on one cell layer until it is completely in focus and make their biological drawings of this cell layer. Students should be given the following lessons prior to this lesson: Students should also be familiar with the structure of the cell, organelles, and the differences between plant and animal cells. (Grades 9-10), CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.11-12.3 Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks; analyze the specific results based on explanations in the text. Read through the procedure with the students. If you have sufficient materials and equipment, you could even have 1 student per microscope. (Ans: the vacuole had released its water, allowing the plasma membrane to shrink, pulling all the organelles, including the chloroplasts, closer toward the center). This creates a hypertonic environment for the cell, causing osmosis of water out of the central vacuole and plasma membrane. (ii) It is living part of the cell, thin, delicate and elastic. For each team: 1 microscope, 2 microscope slides, 2 cover slips, small beaker of water, transfer pipette or eye dropper, 1-2 toothpicks, 1 dropper bottle of methylene blue, 1 copy of the “Biological Drawings” handout (laminated or in a protective plastic sleeve), 1 ruler (for labeling biological drawings), Elodea sprig (These can be purchased from most pet or aquarium stores. Start studying Ch 9 Review.

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