23 Ornamental Plaster If the glass is to be removed, the glazing points which hold the glass in place can be extracted and the panes numbered and removed for cleaning and reuse in the same openings. This process makes the joints more vulnerable to water which is readily absorbed into the endgrain of the wood. The key to successful planning for window treatments is a careful evaluation of existing physical conditions on a unit-by-unit basis. 50 Lightning Protection for Historic Structures. 32 Accessibility Before reinstalling the glass, a bead of glazing compound or linseed oil putty should be laid around the rabbet to cushion and seal the glass. With the stop removed, the lower or interior sash may be withdrawn. Woodworking mills may be interested in the work from a large project; new sash in volume may be considerably less expensive per unit; crews can be assembled and trained on site to perform all of the window repairs; and a few extensive repairs can be absorbed (without undue burden) into the total budget for a large number of sound windows. Windows are frequently important visual focal points, especially on simple facades such as this mill building. } Glazing compound should only be used on wood which has been brushed with linseed oil and primed with an oil based primer or paint. 34 Composition Ornament 41 Seismic Rehabilitation Low U-value double-glazed wooden casement windows with lockable catches. This is self-evident for ornamental windows, but it can be equally true for warehouses or factories where the windows may be the most dominant visual element of an otherwise plain building. The insulated frame has an R-5 insulating value. A little searching should locate a firm which will do the job, and at a reasonable price. ©Copyright Mandy Barrow 2013 reflect period or regional styles or building practices, reflect changes to the building resulting from major periods or events, or. Since excessive moisture is detrimental to the paint bond, areas of paint blistering, cracking, flaking, and peeling usually identify points of water penetration, moisture saturation, and potential deterioration. 40 Ceramic Tile Epoxy patching compounds can be used to build up missing sections or decayed ends of members. There are several safe and effective techniques for removing paint from wood, depending on the amount of paint to be removed. The surface of the consolidated wood can then be filled with a semirigid epoxy patching compound, sanded and painted. An ice pick or an awl may be used to test wood for soundness. Photo: NPS files. Evaluating the significance of these windows and planning for their repair or replacement can be a complex process involving both objective and subjective considerations. } Oakland, California: City of Oakland Planning Department, 1978 (pp. The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and the accompanying guidelines, call for respecting the significance of original materials and features, repairing and retaining them wherever possible, and when necessary, replacing them in kind. 14 Exterior Additions This almost invisible treatment will insure proper water runoff, particularly if the bottom of the sill is flat. The decision process for selecting replacement windows should not begin with a survey of contemporary window products which are available as replacements, but should begin with a look at the windows which are being replaced. Historic windows have usually acquired many layers of paint over time. The sash can be refinished as desired on the inside and painted on the outside as soon as a "skin" has formed on the putty, usually in 2 or 3 days. Aluminium casement windows offer strength and durability and are highly resistant to rust. The supports for the window above are carved wooden horses. This publication has been prepared pursuant to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, which directs the Secretary of the Interior to develop and make available information concerning historic properties. In fact, a historic wooden window with a high quality storm window added should thermally outperform a new double-glazed metal window which does not have thermal breaks (insulation between the inner and outer frames intended to break the path of heat flow). New York: Oxford University Press, 1952. When sills or other members exhibit surface weathering they may also be built-up using wood putties or homemade mixtures such as sawdust and resorcinol glue, or whiting and varnish. It presents a methodology for approaching the evaluation and repair of existing windows, and considerations for replacement, from which the professional can develop alternatives and specify appropriate materials and procedures. To order hard copies of the Briefs, see Printed Publications. The use of glass became more widespread during the Tudor period. These times refer only to individual operations; the entire process took several days due to the drying and curing times for putty, primer, and paint, however, work on other window units could have been in progress during these lag times. Weatherstripping of the sash and frame, replacement of the sash cords and reinstallation of the sash, parting bead, and stop required an hour and a half. Old House Journal (no. In any evaluation, one should note at a minimum: Many factors such as poor design, moisture, vandalism, insect attack, and lack of maintenance can contribute to window deterioration, but moisture is the primary contributing factor in wooden window decay. The actual construction of wooden window frames and sash is not complicated. Our aluminium window system is suitable for domestic or commercial applications as replacement windows for existing building, and for installations into new buildings. Subsequently many styles of these vertical sliding sash windows have come to be associated with specific building periods or architectural styles, and this is an important consideration in determining the significance of windows, especially on a local or regional basis. The sill should be examined to insure that it slopes downward away from the building and allows water to drain off. Follow the manufacturers' directions and use only on areas which will be painted. How to Install a Window Without Nailing Fins. After removing any paint along the seam, the parting bead should be carefully pried out and worked free in the same manner as the interior stop. condition of the sash (rails, stiles and muntins), the overall condition of the window (excellent, fair, poor, and so forth). It was during the Tudor times that glass was first used in homes. Fall River, Massachusetts: City of Fall River, 1979 (chapter 7). 27 Cast Iron Photo: NPS files. after a "skin" forms on the putty, paint the surface. One measure of heat transfer is the U-value, the number of Btu's per hour transferred through a square foot of material. Homepage | Literacy Zone | Maths Zone | Science Zone | Homework Help | Festivals and Celebrations. Some degree of paint removal is also necessary as a first step in the proper surface preparation for subsequent refinishing (if paint color analysis is desired, it should be conducted prior to the onset of the paint removal). Sash can be removed and repaired in a convenient work area. 21 Flat Plaster Phillips, Morgan, and Selwyn, Judith. Wooden picture window frames are generally the most expensive as they offer a classic wooden window look that people love. Local historical associations and state historic preservation offices may be good sources of information on products which have been used successfully in preservation projects. COLOR:red; TEXT-DECORATION: underline The solid-vinyl, multi-chambered frames filled with foam improve insulation. On small scale projects this allows the do-it-yourselfer to save money by repairing all or part of the windows. Wood (Average cost $1,000 to $1,800) Conventional wooden frames expand and contract depending on the weather, requiring a fair amount of maintenance. Before undertaking any of the repairs mentioned in the following sections all sources of moisture penetration should be identified and eliminated, and all existing decay fungi destroyed in order to arrest the deterioration process. If such a firm does not exist locally, there are firms which undertake this kind of repair and ship nationwide. The weight pocket is frequently accessible through a door on the face of the frame near the sill, but if no door exists, the trim on the interior face may be removed for access. Such sash are available as exact custom reproductions, reasonable facsimiles (custom windows with similar profiles), and contemporary wooden sash which are similar in appearance. Many windows will show some additional degree of physical deterioration, especially in the vulnerable areas mentioned earlier, but even badly damaged windows can be repaired using simple processes. 12, 1979): 135. The preceding description of a window repair job focused on a unit which was operationally sound. Storm window frames may be made of wood, aluminum, vinyl, or plastic; however, the use of unfinished aluminum storms should be avoided. A:hover { The use of sash locks installed on the meeting rail will insure that the sash are kept tightly closed so that the weatherstripping will function more effectively to reduce infiltration. It is possible, however, for the advanced do-it-yourselfer or craftsman with a table saw to duplicate moulding profiles using techniques discussed by Gordie Whittington in "Simplified Methods for Reproducing Wood Mouldings," Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology, Vol. The neglect of these routine items can contribute to many common window problems. Weeks, Kay D. and David W. Look, Preservation Brief 10: Exterior Paint Problems on Historic Woodwork. Now that we were able to cover the types of windows and window panes, let us now discuss the structure that support and put them all together–the frame! Type: These are double-hung vinyl windows. Rolled vinyl strips may also be tacked into place in appropriate locations to reduce infiltration. The techniques require more skill and are more expensive than any of the previously discussed alternatives. 11 Storefronts Exterior paint should cover the beveled glazing compound or putty and lap over onto the glass slightly to complete a weather-tight seal. The operation of the window (continuous opening and closing over the years and seasonal temperature changes) weakens the joints, causing movement and slight separation. Another method of testing for soundness consists of pushing a sharp object into the wood, perpendicular to the surface. The sash can be stripped of paint using appropriate techniques, but if any heat treatment is used, the glass should be removed or protected from the sudden temperature change which can cause breakage. In our tests of wooden, vinyl and fiberglass double-hung and casement windows we found 12 that performed well enough to recommend including four that we … "Sealing Leaky Windows." 33 Stained and Leaded Glass Following the inspection and analysis of the results, the scope of the necessary repairs will be evident and a plan for the rehabilitation can be formulated. III, No. There are times, however, when the degree of deterioration is so advanced that stabilization is impractical, and the only way to retain some of the original fabric is to replace damaged parts. They are strong, but they can be affected by weathering over time. 30 Clay Tile Roofs 43 Historic Structure Reports Techniques for these repairs are discussed in the following sections. 35 Architectural Investigation 46 Gas Stations The wood was structurally sound but the window had one broken pane, many layers of paint, broken sash cords and inadequate, worn-out weatherstripping. Their design, craftsmanship, or other qualities may make them worthy of preservation. A:link { Wood is frequently in sound physical condition beneath unsightly paint. When parts of the frame or sash are so badly deteriorated that they cannot be stabilized there are methods which permit the retention of some of the existing or original fabric. Vinyl window replacement costs range from $100 to $850 each with most homeowners paying between $400 and $600 for a double-hung, double-pane, and energy-efficient window. This can be accomplished by running a utility knife along the length of the seam, breaking the paint bond. Once the evaluation of the windows is completed and the scope of the work is known, there may be a potential economy of scale. Style: Beefy frames give the window substance. Wood. Although such comparisons may focus on specific window types and their details, the ultimate determination of significance should be made within the context of the whole building, wherein the windows are one architectural element. Window openings can be covered with polyethylene sheets or plywood sheathing while the sash are out for repair. Window World uses its best vinyl frame for 6000 Series windows. On larger projects it presents the opportunity for time and money which might otherwise be spent on the removal and replacement of existing windows, to be spent on repairs, subsequently saving all or part of the material cost of new window units. Check out our stylish, secure & energy efficient Flush Casement window range in a variety of colours. Moisture which becomes trapped between the layers of glazing can condense on the colder, outer prime window, potentially leading to deterioration. The sash cords should be detached from the sides of the sash and their ends may be pinned with a nail or tied in a knot to prevent them from falling into the weight pocket. Profiles can be duplicated using hand molds, which are created by pressing a ball of patching compound over a sound section of the profile which has been rubbed with butcher's wax. 9 Wooden Windows Tudor windows were usually casement windows. Following the relatively simple repairs, the window is weathertight, like new in appearance, and serviceable for many years to come.Photo: NPS files. An overlay of aluminum foil on gypsum board or asbestos can protect the glass from such rapid temperature change. Some of the web versions of the Preservation Briefs differ somewhat from the printed versions. It is necessary to remove the sash and/or the affected parts of the frame and have a carpenter or woodworking mill reproduce the damaged or missing parts. Photo: NPS files. The installation or connection of some frames to the surrounding structure, especially masonry walls, can complicate the work immeasurably, and may even require dismantling of the wall. Additional repairs to the frame and sash may include consolidation or replacement of deteriorated wood. primaryhomeworkhelp.com, Woodlands Junior School, Hunt Road Tonbridge Kent TN10 4BB UK. A wide variety of products are available to assist in this task. These methods involve replacing the deteriorated parts with new matching pieces, or splicing new wood into existing members. Evaluating the architectural or historical significance of windows is the first step in planning for window treatments, and a general understanding of the function and history of windows is vital to making a proper evaluation. It was very expensive and difficult to make big pieces of glass so the panes were tiny and held together with lead in a criss-cross pattern, or ‘lattice’. Photo: NPS files. In the beginning of the eighteenth century single- and double-hung windows were introduced. 48 Preserving Grave Markers As a part of this evaluation, one must consider four basic window functions: admitting light to the interior spaces, providing fresh air and ventilation to the interior, providing a visual link to the outside world, and enhancing the appearance of a building. Regardless of the actual costs, or who performs the work, the evaluation process described earlier will provide the knowledge from which to specify an appropriate work program, establish the work element priorities, and identify the level of skill needed by the labor force. Wooden frames are the most popular ones used in most houses up to date. 15 Concrete After the proper curing times have elapsed for paint and putty, the sash will be ready for reinstallation. Although the retention of original or existing windows is always desirable and this Brief is intended to encourage that goal, there is a point when the condition of a window may clearly indicate replacement. A few calls to local building suppliers may provide a source of appropriate replacement sash, but if not, check with local historical associations, the state historic preservation office, or preservation related magazines and supply catalogs for information. Arched top storms are available for windows with special shapes. Pressure on the probe can force it through an apparently sound skin to penetrate deeply into decayed wood. More information on epoxies can be found in the publication "Epoxies for Wood Repairs in Historic Buildings," cited in the bibliography. Many styles of storm windows are available to improve the thermal performance of existing windows. Look for wooden window frames. Partially decayed wood can be waterproofed, patched, built-up, or consolidated and then painted to achieve a sound condition, good appearance, and greatly extended life. Repair Class III: Splices and Parts Replacement. The process has been widely used and proven in marine applications; and proprietary products are available at hardware and marine supply stores. This occurs because the wood has far better insulating value than the metal, and in addition many historic windows have high ratios of wood to glass, thus reducing the area of highest heat transfer. A graphic or photographic system may be devised to record existing conditions and illustrate the scope of any necessary repairs. If extensive replacement of parts is necessary and the job becomes prohibitively expensive it may be more practical to purchase new sash which can be installed into the existing frames. Thus, an important element of a building's significance will have been preserved for the future. Washington, DC: Technical Preservation Services, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1982. 25 Signage Wood may also be strengthened and stabilized by consolidation, using semirigid epoxies which saturate the porous decayed wood and then harden. 13 Steel Windows Failure of the paint should not, however, be mistakenly interpreted as a sign that the wood is in poor condition and hence, irreparable. are examples of exceptional craftsmanship or design. depending on your needs and preferences, here are the most common types of window frames to choose from! Deteriorated putty should be removed manually, taking care not to damage the wood along the rabbet. Energy conservation is no excuse for the wholesale destruction of historic windows which can be made thermally efficient by historically and aesthetically acceptable means. The upper sash can be removed in the same manner as the lower one and both sash taken to a convenient work area (in order to remove the sash the interior stop and parting bead need only be removed from one side of the window). Vinyl Window Replacement Cost. Pegged mortise and tenon units can be disassembled easily, if the units are out of the building. Although interior storm windows appear to offer an attractive option for achieving double glazing with minimal visual impact, the potential for damaging condensation problems must be addressed. A:visited { If severe deterioration exists in these areas, it will usually be apparent on visual inspection, but other less severely deteriorated areas of the wood may be tested by two traditional methods using a small ice pick. 47 Maintaining the Exterior Photo: NPS files. Photo: NPS files. "Fixing Double-hung Windows." Historic six-over-six windows--preserved. The visual impact of storms may be minimized by selecting colors which match existing trim color. COLOR: purple; TEXT-DECORATION: none Morrison, Hugh. Sound wood will separate in long fibrous splinters, but decayed wood will lift up in short irregular pieces due to the breakdown of fiber strength. Aluminium Casement Windows. After noting areas of paint failure, the next step is to inspect the condition of the wood, particularly at the points identified during the paint examination. 38 Removing Graffiti Removal of the upper sash on double-hung units is similar but the parting bead which holds it in place is set into a groove in the center of the stile and is thinner and more delicate than the interior stop. Hardened putty in the rabbets may be softened by heating with a soldering iron at the point of removal. If deterioration has begun from the hidden side of a member and the core is badly decayed, the visible surface may appear to be sound wood. The windows on many historic buildings are an important aspect of the architectural character of those buildings. Early American Architecture. Get a Price 1, 1973): 5. Metal strips or new plastic spring strips may be used on the rails and, if space permits, in the channels between the sash and jamb. Many commercially available fungicides and wood preservatives are toxic, so it is extremely important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations for application, and store all chemical materials away from children and animals. There are many sources of suitable new windows. reflect the original design intent for the building. } The final glazing compound or putty is applied and beveled to complete the seal. The ones which do are usually in buildings which have been abandoned for long periods or have totally lacked maintenance for years. If a rehabilitation project has a large number of windows such as a commercial building or an industrial complex, there may be less of a problem arriving at a solution. 1. Most windows should not require the extensive repairs discussed in this section. The average cost for the most popular double-hung and casement windows is closer to $400 to $1,100 based on material, size and accessories such as Energy Star glass. Removal of excess layers or peeling and flaking paint will facilitate operation of the window and restore the clarity of the original detailing. The staff member found that the frame could be stripped of paint and the sash removed quite easily. if removal is necessary, thoroughly investigate the structural detailing and seek appropriate professional consultation. Felt may be fastened to the top, bottom, and meeting rails, but may have the disadvantage of absorbing and holding moisture, particularly at the bottom rail. The correct approach to using interior storms is to create a seal on the interior storm while allowing some ventilation around the prime window. Each successive repair class represents an increasing level of difficulty, expense, and work time. The routine maintenance required to upgrade a window to "like new" condition normally includes the following steps: These operations are illustrated for a typical double-hung wooden window, but they may be adapted to other window types and styles as applicable. 7883). Paint, putty and glass removal required about one hour for each sash, and the reglazing of both sash was accomplished in about one hour. The techniques can be applied by an unskilled person with minimal training and experience. One of the most common work items is the replacement of the sash cords with new rope cords or with chains. Spaces by each part allow notes on existing conditions and repair instructions. Preservation: Present Pathway to Fall River's Future. Some firms prefer to concentrate on larger jobs with more profit potential, and some may not have a craftsman who can duplicate the parts. The operations just discussed summarize the efforts necessary to restore a window with minor deterioration to "like new" condition. It will then be much easier to remove the stop, the parting bead and the sash. Some woodworking mills do not like to repair old sash because nails or other foreign objects in the sash can damage expensive knives (which cost far more than their profits on small repair jobs); others do not have cutting knives to duplicate muntin profiles. Wooden windows which are repaired and properly maintained will have greatly extended service lives while contributing to the historic character of the building. 8 Aluminum and Vinyl Siding Although such locks will not always be historically accurate, they will usually be viewed as an acceptable contemporary modification in the interest of improved thermal performance. People who couldn't afford glass used polished horn, cloth or even paper. Repair and refinishing of the frame may proceed concurrently with repairs to the sash, taking advantage of the curing times for the paints and putty used on the sash. Armed with an awareness of the significance of the existing window, begin to search for a replacement which retains as much of the character of the historic window as possible. 45 Wooden Porches It was during the Tudor times that glass was first used in homes. The same caution about proper slope for flat surfaces applies to this technique. some degree of interior and exterior paint removal. 28 Painting Interiors Generally the actions necessary to return a window to "like new" condition will fall into three broad categories: These categories will be discussed in the following sections and will be referred to respectively as Repair Class I, Repair Class II, and Repair Class III. The addition of a storm window should reduce these figures to a range of 0.44 to 0.49. While the sash are out of the frame, the condition of the wood in the jamb and sill can be evaluated. The back putty on the interior side of the pane should also be inspected, because it creates a seal which prevents condensation from running down into the joinery. It may be useful, therefore, to take the following approach to frame repair: Another alternative may be considered if parts replacement is required, and that is sash replacement. ASHRAE Handbook 1977 Fundamentals. Three techniques for repairing partially decayed or weathered wood are discussed in this section, and all three can be accomplished using products available at most hardware stores. Small window panes. 19 Wooden Shingle Roofs In addition, it may be advisable to cut a dripline along the underside of the sill. Notice the wooden frame. Exterior rainwater and interior condensation can flow downward along the window, entering and collecting at points where the flow is blocked. New York: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, 1978 (chapter 26). 4 Roofing In actual practice, the creation of such a durable, airtight seal is difficult. Even for projects requiring repairs identified in this section, if the percentage of parts replacement per window is low, or the number of windows requiring repair is small, repair can still be a cost effective solution. Epoxies for Wood Repairs in Historic Buildings. The vacant cavities in the barriers prevent air from escaping which makes them a better choice over standard vinyl and wood frames. 44 Awnings After removing paint from the seam between the interior stop and the jamb, the stop can be pried out and gradually worked loose using a pair of putty knives as shown. 3 Improving Energy Efficiency 49 Historic Decorative Metal Ceilings and Walls Ferro, Maximillian. 29 Slate Roofs Caulking of the joints between the sill and the jamb will help reduce further water penetration. Although epoxy materials may be comparatively expensive, they hold the promise of being among the most durable and long lasting materials available for wood repair. The information will be useful, however, for the architect, contractor, or developer on large-scale projects. 6 Dangers of Abrasive Cleaning A window which is repaired should be made as energy efficient as possible by the use of appropriate weatherstripping to reduce air infiltration. It was very expensive and difficult to make big pieces of glass so the panes were tiny and held together with lead in a criss-cross pattern, or ‘lattice’. This Brief is based on the issues of significance and repair which are implicit in the standards, but the primary emphasis is on the technical issues of planning for the repair of windows including evaluation of their physical condition, techniques of repair, and design considerations when replacement is necessary. This illustrates a two-part expoxy patching compound used to fill the surface of a weathered sill and rebuild the missing edge. 37 Lead-Paint Hazards Technical Preservation Services recommends the retention and repair of original windows whenever possible. Another effective tool is a window schedule which lists all of the parts of each window unit. 12 Structural Glass One established technique for repairing wood which is split, checked or shows signs of rot, is to: Care should be taken with the use of fungicide which is toxic. The windows above look as though they have been hung on the wall. Each window should be examined for operational soundness beginning with the lower portions of the frame and sash. Most millwork firms can duplicate parts, such as muntins, bottom rails, or sills, which can then be incorporated into the existing window, but it may be necessary to shop around because there are several factors controlling the practicality of this approach. removal and repair of sash (including reglazing where necessary), weatherstripping and reinstallation of the sash, and. After fungicidal and preservative treatment the windows may be stabilized, retained, and restored with every expectation for a long service life.

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